Posts Tagged ‘Primary schools’

Children Involved In SAT’s Boycott Could Be Educationally better Off

Monday, May 10th, 2010

The DCSF and educational authorities are facing a dilemma. How do they efficiently measure school performance without interrupting the learning process for children and overwhelming the teaching resources? Universally teachers belonging ot the National Union Of Teachers NUT and National Association of Head Teachers NAHT will demonstrate their frustration with the process by boycotting the SAT’s scheduled to be held this week.

Checks and balances are an essential management tool.  They monitor performance revealing achievement and areas of concern.  Yet within the school environment these Key performance indicators (KPI) have ironically displaced the very learning process they are designed to measure.  Teachers, concerned that the SAT’s statutory assessment tests denude the national curriculum are refusing to support the SAT’s tests scheduled for this week. But there is a further dilemma. Teachers believe the downside of SAT’s has resulted in the “teach to test” syndrome which has narrowed the curriculum. To improve performance most schools defer all new learning for the nine weeks leading up to the tests and spend this time practising for the test. An unanswered question is whether the children involved as a consequence of the boycott were groomed for the tests, or have received nine weeks of ongoing education.  Similarly if subsequently forced to complete the SAT’s will they have the same chance as groomed children. If Head Teachers involved in the conflict have prepared the children anyway this would leave them double losers. The decision to groom or not was taken some months ago.

Understandably the government and Ed balls are attempting to counter this resistance with threats of retribution levelled at head teachers and school staff refusing to support SAT’s.  Yet the level of resistance is a sure sign that something is wrong. It would be crass for the DCSF to ignore what is a national rebellion.  Teachers see the operational pros and cons of the national curriculum at the coal face.  Their opinion must be heard.  Surely the universal rejection – even allowing for an element of mass hysteria must be viewed as a negative KPI on the government.  The DCSF could be judged as being in default and need to review its teaching assessment programme accordingly.

We in the UK are not alone. The feeling that children’s education in literacy and numeracy is being interrupted by needless tests is also under a revolt by teachers  in Australia. Teachers there are also refusing to handle the SAT’s tests.  Interestingly the Australian education authority has reacted in similar fashion to the UK. But there is huge difference; the Australian educational authorities claim to have 3,000 examiners in reserve to handle the tests.  But the question now is what additional educational benefit could be gained in children’s educational progress if these 3,000 additional teachers were actually engaged in expanding the curriculum instead manning tests.

The defiance by teachers has doubled significant. We are about to see a stalwart of society, responsible for the education of our children and a significant influence on their attitudes, whose actions are breaking the law.  This can send out mixed messages. Clearly the DCSF need some means of measuring a schools performance but if the current system is flawed to the extent where teachers are prepared to break the law something needs to done. It is a great shame that The DCSF failed to acknowledge this level of disquiet and modified their approach before this conflict was elevated to the extend we are to see this week.

Family Educational Costs Of Children Rise To £52k .

Tuesday, March 2nd, 2010

Over the last six years the cost to parents of a child’s education up to the age of 21 has risen by a staggering £20k to a total of £52k. There is some relief; in the last year the rate of increase has slowed to 1.6 per cent. But is this investment good value for money when we hear of failing schools and the huge number of children floundering in maths and numeracy?

Judging by this week’s Channel 4 TV “Dispatches” documentary “Kids don’t count,” the answer is probably not. Despite the huge cost increase to parents, and a government investment over the past 10 years costing billions, many of our primary schools are still failing to deliver in maths. Over 1500 schools are currently classed as failing. Twenty per cent of all children have inadequate competency in maths to cope with secondary school. In all, 30,000 children a year are failing in maths at primary school level. Worryingly the results in primacy school have been shown to reflect the probable performance at GCSE.

The government focus on numeracy was designed to give children 50 minutes of maths a day. Unfortunately this is largely taught by teachers without maths qualifications doing the best they can. Frequently the schedule is overridden, time tables are not learnt and fractions, which elude many teachers, are untouched. Consequently children drift. Practise exercises, the essential ingredient for learning retention are frugal. To cap it all new learning is suspended for 25% of the school year whilst children rehearse for the SAT’s test.

Whilst schools continue to be judged by target performance achievement they will understandably focus on this objective and defer new learning. The consequential gap that emerges is almost impossible to recover in school but this is an ideal opportunity for parents to step up to the plate. Playing maths educational games at home is a fun way to complete the lesson practice. They can lighten things up at home, allow parents to get practically involved and help a child to moving forwards throughout the year – especially during the SAT’s hiatus. Playing say maths games as a board game, bingo or CD-ROM revision quiz is fun, instructive and matched to the national curriculum. But watch out – you may get to enjoy them and learn a stack of maths yourself.

The Dispatches TV documentary focused on Barton Hill primary school in Bristol. The likeable Headteacher knew he had a problem with maths – both with his teaching staff and his personal ability. He called on a retired man specialist, Richard Dunn, to teach both children and teachers in how to get excited about maths. An objective achieved with impressive results in tests taken by the children. Unfortunately his efforts were curtailed during the SAT interregnum. His 16 weeks programme displaced for nine weeks whilst the SAT rehearsals took place. If only he was uninterrupted continue goodness knows what the final results could have been.

Richard summarised the national situation on maths saying “Parents should be worried about how maths is taught in school. Bringing maths alive will make all the difference to visualising maths.” The DCSF had already drafted specialist teachers to provide one to one maths support for struggling children but the revelation that 30,000 children needed assistance is a huge task. Without the support of these maths specialists and assuming they can be found, children failing in primary school can look forward to a similar fate in secondary school.

As adults, 25 per cent of us have maths and numeracy skills equivalent to an 11 year old. And 75 per cent of all adults have maths skills that are lower than GCSE. This is causing significant concern with employers who inherit the problem and find it essential to train new staff in maths. MacDonald’s and Sainsbury’s are part of a long list of retailers who run their own academies to teach maths to employees. A task they object to but have little alternative. The billions of pounds invested by the DCSF in maths education has predominantly been a waste of time and money. Notably only the UK makes maths compulsory up to the age of sixteen, most other countries extend maths on into higher education.

Children who failed numeracy in primary school will struggle significantly in secondary school unless there get a really strong maths teacher in the first year of secondary school. As secondary school teachers believe the problem should have been resolved in primary school the skills gap could fester. This could take some time to resolve so despite the increased educational cost to parents there is an essential need for them to step in the ring. And with the educational games and teaching resources now available they certainly have a very real and enjoyable chance to make a difference. After all 80 per cent of a child’s achievement in school is influenced by what they do at home.

Governemnt to Give Free Laptop to Help Children Improve Grades

Tuesday, January 12th, 2010

The government are to give a free laptop computer to 270,000 low income families with school aged children. The idea, part of a £300m investment programme, is to give low income children  access to broadband and computer based learning .

Ed Balls, the Schools Secretary, said computer teaching resources were now as “essential” as books or pens yet a million youngsters had no internet access at home. Research had found a home computer could boost a pupil’s results in one subject at GCSE by two grades, he said.

Gordon Brown said  “That is why we have said that from 2010 all secondary schools – and from 2012 all primary schools – will guarantee reporting online to parents,” he said. “So the mother who’s worried about her son struggling with his reading can find out more about how she can help, or the dad who works long hours and can’t make a parents’ evening can keep in touch with his daughter’s progress, at whatever time of the day or night that he’s free.”

”It will mean all families can come together, learn together and reap the rewards together” he added – something that we at keen2learn have saying  for some time! Read more… Daily Telegraph

Could A Pan European Syllabus Save The UK National Curriculum?

Thursday, January 7th, 2010

Education has been evolving over thousands of years. But if we can educate scholars such as Aristotle in ancient Greece and Copernicus in medieval Poland why do we struggle to achieve an educational programme that is fully fit for purpose in 2010?

Whilst we learn of medical advances that push the boundaries in health care, education seem to have stagnated. Disease control, organ transplants, keyhole and robotic surgery have emerged but teaching appears moribund, struggling to meet required literacy and numeracy standards in primary schools. The possible reasons for this situation are legion. The effect of the national curriculum, SAT’s, 11 plus, GCSE and special government schemes costing billions of pounds have failed to achieve the intended breakthrough.

The dilemma for parents wanting the best for their children starts when their child is four years old epitomised by the frantic activity needed to get their child into the ideal school. Although five years is the formal schooling starting point for the UK greater academic success has been achieved in countries where children start school aged six or seven, such as in Finland and South Africa. In fact they are critical of the early years controlled schooling in the UK claiming children should be involved in structured and unstructured play activities during this period.

The type of school in the UK creates further anxiety. The choice of Montessori, Steiner, Kumon, and faith schools in the independent or state school system complicates the decision, as does that old chestnut of class size. Some techniques appear more successful than others but no single technique emerges as the outright winner. Is it the skill of the teacher or the teaching format that is the common denominator?

Technology in the schooling process has moved on. Kids are taught keyboard skills and teaching resources are awash with interactive white boards. Soon many schools could be linked through the web to allow a strong teacher to simultaneously broadcast to several schools. So what is not working? There appears no simple answer. Various influences are cited as inducing a negative effect, notably teaching to test, where lessons are geared to passing exams rather than providing a broad educational strategy.

Strangely the combined forces of the European Union have failed to influence the UK educational programme. This seems odd. Whilst we have the specification for the shape of bananas, the one area we could benefit from a European standard is in education. A federal approach could remove the duplication in each member state and pull in the best practice from the members. The potential benefits are demonstrated in the International Baccalaureate and International GCSE both of which offer benefits welcomed by trend setting schools, but predominately rejected by schools overwhelmed by the current inefficiencies and reluctant to adopt yet another change. Yet these schemes have proven effective in other European countries whilst the UK has little to show despite the effort and determination of it’s teachers and pupils.

The clock ticks on. Educational development must be the primary focus of any government. Technology, improved communications and the paradigm shift in the commercial centre of gravity towards the far east has changed the emphasis. Our children will need to thrive in a global market. They need the career flexibility of a broad based education to take advantage of emerging opportunities.

It been proven beyond reasonable doubt that we need help. The average tenure of the Secretary of State for Education is around 18 months yet they are charged with the strategic policies for a schooling journey lasting a minimum of 10 years. Perhaps we should leave teaching to teachers and establish a team tasked with the definition and implementation of a new curriculum and procedures drawn from the very best in Europe. It must be better than the current situation which if maintained could leave us the poor relation justly receiving the condemnation of generations of children to come.

New Primary School National Curriculum

Wednesday, December 9th, 2009

Updating the primary level educational curriculum is perhaps overdue. The world has changed significantly since the last review and our schooling standards need to reflect the social and technological changes incorporated in these updates.

From The Department of Children Schools and Families

The curriculum lies at the heart of the government’s policies to raise standards and help every school to improve all of the time. Our curriculum should help children become the very best they can be. We live in a changing world, and our curriculum has to evolve to prepare our children for the opportunities and challenges of life in the 21st century.

Following a review by Sir Jim Rose and consultation by QCDA, a new primary curriculum from September 2011 was announced on 19 November.

This new curriculum will be organised around six broad areas of learning to help schools and children make coherent links across all their learning. It is a model that advocates direct subject teaching, complemented by serious and challenging cross-curricular studies which provide ample opportunities for children to use and apply their subject knowledge in order to deepen understanding. The next step is to implement the new curriculum by creating the new areas of learning in law through the Children, Schools and Families Bill, currently before Parliament.

Religious Education, though not part of the National Curriculum, remains a statutory subject and part of the basic Primary Curriculum. An illustrative programme of learning will be published in January.
Related downloads

Areas of Learning

* Essentials for learning and life (doc, 70kb)
* Understanding the arts (doc, 108kb)
* Understanding English (doc, 108kb)
* Historical geographical and social understanding (doc, 91kb)
* Mathematical understanding (doc, 105kb)
* Understanding physical development (doc, 32kb)
* Scientific and technological understanding (doc, 107kb)

Education Going Backwards at 900 Primary Schools In England

Friday, December 4th, 2009
Ed Balls, secretary of state for the children, schools and families has laid the gauntlet down to 1,400 primary schools  told to improve. He is demanding 10 local authorities come up with an action plane to redress the failures in Maths and English literacy in the National Curriculum. The move is reminiscent of National Challenge, where secondary schools in which fewer than 30% of pupils achieve five good GCSEs are threatened with closure or turned into academies.
The move comes days after the primary school league tables, published on Tuesday, showed growing numbers of primary schools were failing to teach children to the level expected. In just under 900 primaries – 100 more than last year – the majority of pupils leave without mastering the basic skills of the  national curriculum level 4 – in English and maths that  form the bedrock of secondary education.

Parents Tell Educational Authorities Big Is Not Beautiful in Schools

Thursday, November 19th, 2009

Alistair Owens http://www.keen2learn.co.uk/news/

The ultimate educational performance of a good school is inevitably linked to reduced class size.  Apart from the very exceptional teacher the teaching resources need to link to a class of under 30 children. But this level is continually being exceeded; a sad reflection on our educational commitment.

Record numbers of children are entering our schooling system.  Swelled by an increased birth rate and level of immigration we have misjudged the demand for our school places badly.  Over 14,000 children in England  now attend primary schools with more than 800 pupils. Up by more than 50% in the past decade we are slipping further away from the ideal school size.  Schools with over 500 children have grown from a total of 99 in 1989 to over 400 in 2009.  This four fold increase somehow slipped through the net unnoticed.

The biggest loss of confidence in a child occurs around 11-14, coinciding with their transfer to larger secondary schools. Overwhelmed by the size and scope of the new school  result  in their failure to thrive in the new environment.  Rather than recognizing this symptom we have actually moved it downstream.  Children in the super primary schools are now feeling  lost.  And this is where the vital groundwork in education begins.

Already severe criticism of failing standard is legend.  Secondary schools complain of the inadequate preparation attained during the primary level. This will be exacerbated by growing numbers of children transferred from independent schools and parents seeking the best primary schools. And next year we could see a shake up in the Government.

It is not just the educational standards that suffer at overcrowded schools.  Michael Grove, the shadow children’s Secretary stated “Schools with fewer children tend to have fewer problems with discipline and are easier for teachers to create an ordered environment”.

The disciplinary issues have a tremendous knock on effect.  Disruption in class affects everyone as teaching resources become diverted. Standards drop and the groundwork for the next critical phase in secondary school is damaged. Larger schools may be a short term stopgap but we need to resolve the absence of sufficient good schools. A score of 400 out of 6000 secondary schools rated as good is a pretty appalling achievement. If we don’t do something quickly we are damning countless children to an substandard start to adult employment in a now global market.

Queens Speech Stirs Up Educational Nightmare Says Association of School and College Leaders

Wednesday, November 18th, 2009

They mean well, we have an educational system that is far from being envied. With the problems that surround the DCSF perhaps the latest series of government initiatives to improve schools and empower parents could have been checked with the guys in the know. The Association of School and College Leaders are deeply concerned about the proposals which could absorb yet more teaching resources in litigation in primary and secondary schools. School Guarantee “whingers” Fear

Keen2learn Fills PSHE Void With Shocking New Educational Games

Wednesday, November 11th, 2009

Alistair Owens www.keen2learn.co.uk

A gap has been filled in the keen2learn portfolio with award winning educational games concerning personal, social and health education (PSHE). Users have been ”shocked” at the effectiveness of the games that cover a vital subject area in the National Curriculum.

(more…)

Lottery Finds New Application in Education

Monday, November 2nd, 2009

Alistair Owens http://www.keen2learn.co.uk

The recent cycle of school applications, as parents seek selection to the best primary school or secondary school for their children, has become an annual educational game. Many parents, and children, enter a world of anxiety, manipulation, luck and deceit as places at the ideal choice of school become restricted. A growing number of parents are appealing against their failed selection, and educational authorities are resorting to a lottery system to reach a far from ideal solution.

A staggering 86,000 parents have appealed against their failure to gain a place at their preferred primary or secondary school. Schools in turn, overwhelmed by the increase in applications have resorted to random allocations through a lottery for school places at their school. This six fold increase in the practice over last year has become a necessity due to the higher number of applicants. Swelled by a baby boom, immigration and the transfer of children from independent schools by parents seeking to reduce costs; schools are on the back foot. Is this a fair outcome for the children involved? Instead of fighting a lost cause many parents are investing more of their own time at home to supplement their children’s classroom activities. The teaching resources used in class are now available for parents support at home. These educational games cover all subjects of the National Curriculum, are great fun and help boost the learning retention that may be otherwise lost with the allocation of their school.

Education authorities have seen the onset of the legal profession enter the fray. Lawyers have been appointed to pursue failed applications. Hired by parents transferring children from the independent sector, and using some of the cash saved, this crass approach is of concern to the educational authorities now forced to defend their decision. Along with a multitude of shenanigans being used by parents to secure places at preferred schools it manifests a serious flaw in the ethics of our society. A child may gain a place at a good school at the expense of a more worthy candidate based purely on the cash involved or misrepresentation of the facts. The legal profession is unlikely to refuse the offer of the contract. Thus in a similar fashion to the lawyer with a penchant for defending  celebrities caught speeding, we will ultimately see legal bodies specialising in educational place cases. And this is a terrible state of affairs. Cash, time and effort will be wasted whilst schools defend their rightful decision to select their intake.

Our faltering educational programme has tempted some parents to manipulate their address or rent a house ( left unoccupied) that provides an address falling within a desired catchment area, change religion to enter a faith school or mysteriously make grandparents living in the area responsible for the upbringing of their grandchildren. And councils have had to foot the bill to conduct the investigations to seek the truth.

The losers are the children. If they gained a place through subterfuge or cheating, or were displaced by someone who did, this is an awful a start to their educational journey. Part of the National Curriculum covers personal, social and health education- PSHE. The schools ironically now have practical examples to teach about bullying from manipulative parents, and a great new game of how to calculate the maths probability of a place at the school.

Primary Schools Close the Doors On Entrance Appeals

Friday, October 30th, 2009

Alistair Owens http://www.keen2learn.co.uk

Our primary and secondary educational teaching resources are becoming overloaded. Parents wanting the best schooling for their children are finding access to the better primary schools problematic. Preparatory schools feeding the intake, increased birth rate and immigration have caused a surge in applicants and a huge growth in failed appeals.

Complaints from parents finding the school gate closed to new entrants have soared by 24% this year. The recession hasn’t helped as children are being transferred from independent schools to reduce costs. Not unsurprisingly the schools have had little option but to reject appeals. If they have filled their quota the only course of action is to increase class size, which would rather defeat one of the main strengths of a good school.

Considerable time is needed to prepare an appeal by parents, and each hearing at the school can take 30 minutes. Multiply this by the total number of appellants and the resultant energy dissipated is colossal, with little positive outcome for either side. Worryingly some parents have  sought legal representation to support their case. This tends to favour the better off  and the advent of a legalistic culture in admissions is of some concern to the Local Government Association.

The solution is difficult. The performance of our schools has been severely criticised over recent years and the expansion of good schools is an evolutionary and  lengthy process. Critically therefore we cannot expect a rapid solution to this growing problem. But one very positive option  lies in the hands of parents.

Already  parents with sufficient disposable income hire tutors for their children. This one to one educational support proves extremely beneficial, and ironically, provided inevitably by  teachers from the local school.  But parents still have low cost options. One is to participate in the educational games used by the teachers  in the classroom to support the lesson. These teaching resources  in the form of educational games, toys and puzzles are now available for use at home where the one to one link between parent and child can have surprising results back in class. Providing an essential element of lesson practice, parents do not need to be a teacher. It provides a dynamic insight to performance rather than end of term reports,  and most of all it is fun.

Top 10 Ideal Employers Wanted By University Graduates

Wednesday, October 28th, 2009

Alistair Owens http://www.keen2learn.co.uk
There is growing concern that vocational degrees are fast becoming less relevant in the employment stakes. Years of educational slog through school and the National Curriculum selecting subjects such as maths, English, ICT and science etc to get the best grades and the degree course, fade into obscurity when applying for that ideal career move.

The surprise announcement earlier this week that the Department of Children Schools and Families (DCSF) wants to give career advise to seven years children may have an ulterior motive. The number of children pursuing engineering and the sciences is reducing. Fuelled by attractive salaries elsewhere the average graduate is faced with a tough decision. Saddled with a student loan debt and the prospects of needing a massive mortgage to buy their first house, it comes as no surprise the best employers are those offering the best salaries.

Britain scores highly on its inventiveness and entrepreneurial activity. Genetically programmed the British spirit in the face of adversity has helped considerably, but many ideas have benefited from a predilection for science. The global market has realigned itself over the past decade. As the recession lifts the manufacturing centre of gravity will clearly lie in the far east. We have to support the wealth of the UK through new routes. The financial market has considerable growth and could become the focus of the UK. It is a certainly that the current crisis will be resolved, there is too much at stake not to. But the employment demand will swing to maths and economics as ideal degrees, whereas our historic inventiveness lies outside of this discipline.

In the meantime as we experience the continuing swing to maths and economics, we are starving the flow of engineering the sciences graduates. Take a look at the chart below and you see the domination of accountancy and service sector ( the first bank by the way is Morgan Stanley lying at no 15 ). If nothing else the DCSF careers scheme aimed at primary school children must try to address this if we are not to become totally reliant on overseas resources.

Top 10:- where students are seeking the ideal employer:

Business Graduates               Engineering Graduates

  1. Google                                                 Google
  2. Price Waterhouse Coopers         Microsoft
  3. Microsoft                                            IBM
  4. Goldman Sachs                                 BMW
  5. Ernst & Young                                  Intel
  6. Procter & Gamble                           General Electric
  7. J.P.Morgan                                        Sony
  8. KPMG                                                   Siemens
  9. McKinsey                                            Shell
  10. Deloitte                                                Proctor & Gamble

Source: Global index of employer attractiveness: Universum

Who Would Want To Be Educated In The Present System

Thursday, October 22nd, 2009

Alistair Owens http://www.keen2learn.co.uk

Research shows on average we have three careers and 17 jobs during our working lives. Is it feasible to plan for such diversity during the primary, secondary and university education of children? What are the relevant subjects to take and courses to pursue to match this requirement? Are we playing endless games with our educational resources?

The barrage of criticism over our schooling process continues.  The “teach to test” syndrome, constrained curriculum and performance targets beg the bottom line question – does any of it matter, is any of our current schooling still relevant in this rapidly changing world? The concern cascades from all levels. Primary schooling starts too early according to the Cambridge Review and secondary schools decry the poor achievement of children leaving primary education. Employers such as Sir Terry Leahy of Tesco states that many children leaving secondary school are ill prepared for employment. Universities cite the “A” level syllabus as inadequate and lacking the depth of preparation needed for university. Graduates who finally made it through the whole battlefield often find their degree has mixed relevance in their career path.

Graduates with a first degree from the “Ivy league” or “red brick” universities, irrespective of their specialty, become inevitably swallowed up by the accountancy head hunters. A survey of graduates after two years in employment shows an extremely small proportion pursue a job based on their degree specialty. Bankers and accountants being consistently recruited from non maths disciplines is a clear sign of the imbalance of students pursuing maths at degree level. As a result the skills developed in other disciplines are being usurped. Worse still employment league tables emphasis the financial relevance of degrees by discipline, which could further skew the attraction of certain degrees such as science which are lower in the table than others such as economics.

What lessons should be learned from this situation? What teaching resources do we actually need to equip children for their future? What education programme lasting the full 15 Years of the learning journey to graduation will maintain its relevancy in employment in this rapidly developing world? More importantly which degrees should be underwritten to develop and retain the skills needed to support critical activities?

I discovered that my career path followed the norm. It comprised of three different careers and 12 jobs. Starting in marine engineering in the merchant navy, then into management services, industrial engineering, product management, marketing, General management, and currently MD of a dot.com educational games, toys and puzzles retailer. Oh, and a writer!

None of this was planned. Apart from the engineering skills, the schooling I received was largely untargeted.  Looking back, could I, should I have structured the elective element differently? Probably not. Even now the diversification of my career was largely due to opportunist moves and internal promotion. But ideally to progress in general management, unsurprisingly, you need to be a generalist with as broad an education and experience as possible.

Many blue chip employers move management trainees though a number of roles in different departments to broaden their experience. Exposure to such a programme makes them knowledgeable, versatile and increases their promotional prospects.

Is this the answer? Should our entire educational programme be geared to provide a general broad brush education? This would overcome the anguish of the 14 year old following the National Curriculum required to select “A” level subjects to follow a career path or degree which could ultimately change with time. How, in our changing world, is it possible to identify a career at age 14, only to find the role has been superseded after graduation at 21 years old and their subject choice outmoded. Most jobs available now didn’t exist when a graduate started school.

Rather than specialising in selected subjects in which a student excels, should they be required to complete a wider range and achieve an overall educational award graded by the number of subjects taken at pass level. The International Baccalaureate heralds the way in secondary education, and so could this model extended down to primary and up to degree level? This would be an opportunity to broaden the educational spectrum of many children. It would also provide the broadest education as possible with an international base to prepare them for long term flexibility. After all, the UK is heading for a massive change in its historic employment base.

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