The role of parents in the schooling process is of growing significance. Not just in the educational games and toys used at home but also in the make-up of the family. There are similarities between the UK and USA where a detailed research project has just been completed. The following extract is published in cooperation with the the author Christine Kim (photographed right) of the Heritage Foundation.  September 22nd 2008.
Christine is a Policy Analyst, with the Heritage Foundation in the USA. Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute – a think tank – whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom.
American taxpayers invest heavily in education. Last year, spending on public K–12 education totalled $553 billion, about 4 percent of gross domestic prodÂuct (GDP) in 2006. For each child enrolled in a public elementary or secondary school, expenditures averaged $9,266 that year—an increase of 128 perÂcent, adjusted for inflation, since 1970.
Despite this increase in public spending, student achievement and educational attainment over the last four decades has remained relatively flat. In 2007, a significant portion of students, disproportionately from disadvantaged backgrounds, scored “below basic” in reading and maths on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Sadly, in many of the nation’s largest cities, fewer than half of high school students graduate.
While academic research has consistently shown that increased spending does not correlate with educational gains, the research does show a strong relationship between parental influences and children’s educational outcomes, from school readiness to college completion. Two compelling parental factors emerge:
1. Family structure, i.e., the number of parents living in the student’s home and their relationships to the child, and
2. Parents’ involvement in their children’s schoolwork.
Consequently, the solution to improving educational outcomes begins at home, by strengthening marriage and promoting stable family formation and parental involvement.
The Erosion of Family Stability in America
“Perhaps the most profound change in the American family over the past four decades,” writes sociologist Paul Amato, “has been the decline in the share of children growing up in households with biological parents.” In 1960, 88 percent of all children lived with two parents, compared to 68 percent in 2007. In 1960, 5 percent of all children were born to unmarried mothers. That figure rose to 38.5 perÂcent in 2006. Demographers have estimated that, overall, one child in two will spend some portion of his or her childhood in a single-parent family.
Studies show that children raised in intact families, i.e., with two continuously married parents, tend to fare better on a number of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural outcomes than children living in other family forms. Not surprisingly, the changes in family structure over the last 40 years have affected child and adolescent well-being. In 2002, nearly 7 million children between the ages of 12 and 18 repeated a grade. Based on this figure, Professor Amato estimates that if the share of two-parent families had remained unchanged between 1980 and 2002, some 300,000 fewer teens would have repeated a grade. Some 750,000 fewer students in 2002 would have repeated a grade if the share of two-parent families remained at the level it was in 1960.
Social science research over the past decades suggests that family structure affects children’s school outcomes, from preschool to college. Some of the variations in school performance could be explained, in part or in whole, by the differences in family resources such as time and money, family dynamics and parental characteristics that are assoÂciated with the various family forms. These are mediating factors, or mechanisms through which family structure affects schooling outcomes. Family structure may also exert a direct influence, indeÂpendent of mediating factors. Thus, depending on the outcome, family structure’s total effect may conÂsist of one or more mediating influences or a comÂbination of both direct and mediating influences.
Though various methodological research issues— e.g., data quality, inconsistent definitions of family structure, the selection effect (e.g., are individuals who possess better parenting qualities more likely to choose marriage and stay married, or does marriage per se bolster children’s well-being?)—limit the findings, the evidence, nonetheless, is strong: Family structure matters.
School Readiness. A number of early-childhood outcomes contribute to children’s eventual school readiness. The evidence suggests that potentially important early-childhood outcomes vary by family structure. One study, analyzing 1,370 mothers in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study who were continuously married or in cohabiting relationships from the child’s birth to age three, found that three-year-olds born to cohabiting mothers tended to exhibit more aggressive, withdrawn, and anxious or depressive behaviour than children born to married mothers. For aggressive and withÂdrawn behaviours’, the association was explained by income differences. For anxiety and depressive symptoms, even controlling for income, the cohabÂitation effect remained.
Parental Involvement
Parental involvement emerges as another robust influence on educational outcomes. It is multi-dimensional. Examples include monitoring children’s activities outside home and school; setting rules; having conversations about and helping children with school work and school-related issues; holding high educational expectations; discussing future planning with children and helping them with important decision making; participating in school-related activities such as meeting with teachers and volunteering in the classroom; and reading to children or engaging in other enrichment or leisure activities together.
A meta-analysis of 77 studies, consisting of 300,000 elementary and secondary students, found that parental educational expectations are a particularly important aspect of parental involvement. Parenting style, reading to children, and, to a lesser extent, participation in school-related activities appeared to be influential as well. Furthermore, parental involvement is associated with multiple measures of student achievement, for the entire student population as well as for minority and low-income student populations. Overall, “the academic advantage for those parents who were highly involved in their education averaged about 0.5–0.6 of a standard deviation for overall educational outÂcomes, grades and academic achievement.”
Parental Involvement and Family Structure.
The level of parental involvement varies by family structure, and the relationship between parental involvement and educational outcomes depends on the family context as well. One study, for example, found that compared to high school students from intact families, those from single or stepÂparent families reported less parental involvement in their school work, supervision, and parental educational expectations, which, in turn, affected school outcomes.
Studies show that reading to young children aids their literacy development. Toddlers and preschool-age children in married-parent families are read to more often than peers in non-intact families. One study of 11,500 kindergartners living with two parents or parent figures reported that, accounting for parental education and income, children living with married parents averaged higher reading achievement test scores than peers living in cohabiting or step parent families.
To read the full report see http://www.heritage.org/Research/Education/bg2185.cfm